1. Is acquainted with the global role of ice sheets and glaciers in the climate system.
2. Has a basic knowledge of polar meteorology, and the processes that regulate the exchange of energy and mass between atmosphere and glacier or ice sheet surface.
3. Understands the physical laws that govern the deformation and flow of ice, is able to carry out simple manipulations with these laws, and is familiar with some analytical solutions describing the equilibrium profile of ice sheets and ice shelves.
4. Has an overview of the various approximations and numerical techniques used in ice-sheet modelling.
5. Has a good knowledge of the principal remote sensing techniques used in the cryospheric sciences and can perform basic manipulations on satellite data to monitor ice and snow change.
6. Is acquainted with current state of the cryosphere and can put these changes into context, e.g. the Pleistocene glacial cycles, geodynamics and temporal and regional sea-level changes.
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Ice dynamics: basic concepts; Ice deformation, Simple analytical models of glaciers and ice sheets; Numerical models; Observations
Atmosphere-cryosphere interaction: Mass balance, Atmosphere-surface interactions on glaciers and ice sheets; The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets; Ice sheets, geodynamics and sea level; Climatic interpretation of glacier fluctuations.
Remote sensing of the cryosphere: measuring concepts, results, data manipulation and interpretation of radar altimetry, gravimetry (GRACE/GRACE-FO), radar interferometry, optical and microwave sensors to study cryosphere processes.
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