The functioning of the human or animal body depends on how individual organ systems function, which in turn depends on how the cells function, which itself depends on the interactions between subcellular organelles and countless molecules. Thus, integrated physiology takes a global view of the human body, requiring an in-depth understanding of events at the level of molecules, cells and organs.
In this course, we begin at the level of individual organ systems, and then explore at the molecular level before expanding our focus to include the homeostasis of the entire body. We examine several organs systems, such as the central nervous system, the liver, the heart and blood vessels, the lungs, the kidneys and the endocrine glands. Occasionally, we venture into the field of pathophysiology to illustrate how a change in normal physiology leads to malfunction and disease. For example, students come to understand the following progression: Exposing the heart to volume or pressure overload causes hypertrophy, which is the normal physiological response of any striated muscle to exercise. However, when angiogenesis lingers and the intracellular handling of calcium becomes disturbed, the heart fails to maintain cardiac output. Therefore, physiological hypertrophy turns into pathophysiological hypertrophy.
Format
This course takes examples from human and animal physiology to explain the working mechanisms and principles of physiology acting throughout the mammalian realm. Students perform two live physiological experiments involving several mammalian species. We have chosen experiments that put a minimal amount of strain on the animals, and that the animal ethical committee of Utrecht University has approved. Students are expected to display a professional attitude and preparedness while working with animals. A short entrance test precedes these experiments. Based on their data from experimentation, students write two scientific reports.
A team of researchers/teachers from the veterinary faculty and the medical faculty of Utrecht University is involved in instruction. Class consists of interactive tutorials that cover the following topics: neural science, endocrinology and body metabolism, liver physiology, acid-base physiology, and the respiratory and circulatory system. Students work in small groups to present their assignments to the class. The other groups are expected to ask questions and provide feedback on the presentation.
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